diff --git a/backend/spec/db/tag_name_constraints_spec.rb b/backend/spec/db/tag_name_constraints_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..02ba449
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/spec/db/tag_name_constraints_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+require 'rails_helper'
+
+RSpec.describe 'TagName database invariants' do
+  def insert_name!(**attributes)
+    TagName.insert_all!([{ name: 'constraint_name', language_code: 'ja',
+                          script_code: 'Jpan', primary_flg: true,
+                          created_at: Time.current, updated_at: Time.current,
+                          **attributes }])
+  end
+
+  it 'defaults persisted names to human-confirmed provenance' do
+    insert_name!
+
+    expect(TagName.find_by!(name: 'constraint_name').auto_generated).to be(false)
+  end
+
+  [[true, true], [true, false], [false, false]].each do |primary_flg, auto_generated|
+    it "allows primary=#{ primary_flg }, auto_generated=#{ auto_generated }" do
+      expect { insert_name!(primary_flg:, auto_generated:) }
+          .to change(TagName, :count).by(1)
+    end
+  end
+
+  it 'rejects auto-generated aliases at the database boundary' do
+    expect { insert_name!(primary_flg: false, auto_generated: true) }
+        .to raise_error(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid, /check constraint/i)
+  end
+
+  it 'rejects a second primary for the same tag and language' do
+    tag = create(:tag)
+
+    expect { insert_name!(tag_id: tag.id, auto_generated: false) }
+        .to raise_error(ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique)
+    expect(TagName.where(tag:, language_code: 'ja', primary_flg: true).count).to eq(1)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/backend/spec/db/tag_version_names_spec.rb b/backend/spec/db/tag_version_names_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3c351b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/spec/db/tag_version_names_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+require 'rails_helper'
+
+RSpec.describe 'TagVersion names database constraint' do
+  let(:tag) { create(:tag) }
+  let(:names) do
+    { 'ja' => { 'name' => 'snapshot_name', 'script_code' => 'Jpan',
+                'auto_generated' => false, 'aliases' => [] } }
+  end
+  let(:alias_name) { { 'name' => 'snapshot_alias', 'script_code' => 'Jpan' } }
+
+  def insert_snapshot!(snapshot)
+    TagVersion.insert_all!([{ tag_id: tag.id, version_no: 1, event_type: 'create',
+                             name: 'snapshot_name', category: 'general',
+                             aliases: '', parent_tag_ids: '', names: snapshot,
+                             created_at: Time.current }])
+  end
+
+  it 'accepts grouped Nipponese names with an empty alias list' do
+    expect { insert_snapshot!(names) }.to change(TagVersion, :count).by(1)
+    expect(TagVersion.find_by!(tag_id: tag.id).names).to eq(names)
+  end
+
+  it 'accepts aliases containing only their name and script' do
+    names['ja']['aliases'] = [alias_name]
+
+    expect { insert_snapshot!(names) }.to change(TagVersion, :count).by(1)
+  end
+
+  it 'rejects a flat array root' do
+    expect { insert_snapshot!([names.fetch('ja')]) }
+        .to raise_error(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid, /check constraint/i)
+  end
+
+  it 'rejects an empty object root' do
+    expect { insert_snapshot!({ }) }
+        .to raise_error(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid, /check constraint/i)
+  end
+
+  it 'rejects a language entry that is not an object' do
+    expect { insert_snapshot!({ 'ja' => 'not an object' }) }
+        .to raise_error(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid, /check constraint/i)
+  end
+
+  ['name', 'script_code', 'auto_generated', 'aliases'].each do |field|
+    it "rejects a primary entry missing #{ field }" do
+      names['ja'].delete(field)
+
+      expect { insert_snapshot!(names) }
+          .to raise_error(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid, /check constraint/i)
+    end
+  end
+
+  it 'rejects an empty primary name' do
+    names['ja']['name'] = ''
+
+    expect { insert_snapshot!(names) }
+        .to raise_error(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid, /check constraint/i)
+  end
+
+  it 'rejects incorrect script casing' do
+    names['ja']['script_code'] = 'JPAN'
+
+    expect { insert_snapshot!(names) }
+        .to raise_error(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid, /check constraint/i)
+  end
+
+  ['unknown', 'primary_flg', 'language_code'].each do |field|
+    it "rejects the extra primary field #{ field }" do
+      names['ja'][field] = true
+
+      expect { insert_snapshot!(names) }
+          .to raise_error(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid, /check constraint/i)
+    end
+  end
+
+  ['unknown', 'primary_flg', 'auto_generated'].each do |field|
+    it "rejects the extra alias field #{ field }" do
+      names['ja']['aliases'] = [alias_name.merge(field => true)]
+
+      expect { insert_snapshot!(names) }
+          .to raise_error(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid, /check constraint/i)
+    end
+  end
+
+  it 'rejects duplicate alias objects' do
+    names['ja']['aliases'] = [alias_name, alias_name.deep_dup]
+
+    expect { insert_snapshot!(names) }
+        .to raise_error(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid, /check constraint/i)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/backend/spec/models/language_spec.rb b/backend/spec/models/language_spec.rb
index 7f76a80..9a2edcb 100644
--- a/backend/spec/models/language_spec.rb
+++ b/backend/spec/models/language_spec.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,15 @@
 require 'rails_helper'
 
 RSpec.describe Language, type: :model do
-  it 'accepts supported language codes' do
-    expect(described_class.new(code: 'en', name: 'English')).to be_valid
+  it 'accepts Nipponese as the current supported language' do
+    expect(described_class.find('ja')).to be_valid
+    expect(described_class.where(deprecated_at: nil).pluck(:code)).to eq(['ja'])
+  end
+
+  it 'accepts English when multilingual support is enabled' do
+    pending '日本語以外の Language 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+    expect { described_class.create!(code: 'en', name: 'English') }
+        .to change(described_class, :count).by(1)
   end
 
   it 'rejects an unsupported language code' do
@@ -13,11 +20,13 @@ RSpec.describe Language, type: :model do
     }
   end
 
-  it 'does not treat French as a supported language' do
-    expect {
-      described_class.create!(code: 'fr', name: 'French')
-    }.to raise_error { |error|
-      expect(error).to be_a(ArgumentError).or be_a(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid)
-    }
+  ['en', 'fr'].each do |code|
+    it "does not register #{ code } as a currently supported language" do
+      expect {
+        described_class.create!(code:, name: 'Unsupported')
+      }.to raise_error { |error|
+        expect(error).to be_a(ArgumentError).or be_a(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid)
+      }
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/backend/spec/models/locale_spec.rb b/backend/spec/models/locale_spec.rb
index a4d2794..62fbd55 100644
--- a/backend/spec/models/locale_spec.rb
+++ b/backend/spec/models/locale_spec.rb
@@ -1,18 +1,33 @@
 require 'rails_helper'
 
 RSpec.describe Locale, type: :model do
-  def prepare_english_reference!
-    Language.find_or_create_by!(code: 'en') { _1.name = 'English' }
-    Script.find_or_create_by!(code: 'Latn') { _1.name = 'Latin' }
-  end
+  include_context 'English locale'
 
   def create_english_locale!
     prepare_english_reference!
     described_class.create!(code: 'en', language_code: 'en',
-                            script_code: 'Latn', name: 'English')
+                            script_code: 'Latn', region_code: 826,
+                            variants: '', name: 'English')
+  end
+
+  it 'keeps the active Nipponese locale consistent with its identity tuple' do
+    expect(described_class.where(deprecated_at: nil).pluck(:code)).to eq(['ja'])
+    expect(described_class.nipponese).to have_attributes(
+        code: 'ja', language_code: 'ja', script_code: 'Jpan',
+        region_code: 392, variants: '')
+  end
+
+  it 'rejects a duplicate locale identity tuple at the database boundary' do
+    expect {
+      described_class.insert_all!([{ code: 'ja-duplicate', language_code: 'ja',
+                                    script_code: 'Jpan', region_code: 392,
+                                    variants: '', name: '日本語',
+                                    created_at: Time.current }])
+    }.to raise_error(ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique)
   end
 
   it 'generates a primary name for every existing tag using the name generator' do
+    pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
     first = create(:tag, primary_name: 'first_existing_tag')
     second = create(:tag, primary_name: 'second_existing_tag')
     allow(TagName).to receive(:generate_name).and_call_original
@@ -39,6 +54,7 @@ RSpec.describe Locale, type: :model do
   end
 
   it 'does not duplicate an existing primary name in the new language' do
+    pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
     prepare_english_reference!
     tag = create(:tag, primary_name: 'already_named')
     existing = create(:tag_name, name: 'existing_english', tag:,
@@ -54,6 +70,7 @@ RSpec.describe Locale, type: :model do
   end
 
   it 'creates a primary name when the language has only an alias' do
+    pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
     prepare_english_reference!
     tag = create(:tag, primary_name: 'alias_only_tag')
     alias_name = create(:tag_name, :alias, name: 'alias_en',
@@ -73,6 +90,7 @@ RSpec.describe Locale, type: :model do
   end
 
   it 'rolls back the locale and all generated names when backfill fails' do
+    pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
     prepare_english_reference!
     first = create(:tag, primary_name: 'atomic_first')
     second = create(:tag, primary_name: 'atomic_second')
@@ -88,12 +106,24 @@ RSpec.describe Locale, type: :model do
   end
 
   it 'accepts a stable locale code outside the historical enum values' do
+    pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
     prepare_english_reference!
 
     locale = described_class.create!(
         code: 'en-x-rspec', language_code: 'en',
-        script_code: 'Latn', name: 'English')
+        script_code: 'Latn', region_code: 826,
+        variants: 'x-rspec', name: 'English')
 
-    expect(locale.reload).to have_attributes(code: 'en-x-rspec', language_code: 'en')
+    expect(locale.reload).to have_attributes(
+        code: 'en-x-rspec', language_code: 'en', script_code: 'Latn',
+        region_code: 826, variants: 'x-rspec')
+  end
+
+  it 'registers the future British English locale tuple' do
+    pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+
+    expect(locale).to have_attributes(code: 'en', language_code: 'en',
+                                    script_code: 'Latn', region_code: 826,
+                                    variants: '')
   end
 end
diff --git a/backend/spec/models/script_spec.rb b/backend/spec/models/script_spec.rb
index ccd91ff..20365c1 100644
--- a/backend/spec/models/script_spec.rb
+++ b/backend/spec/models/script_spec.rb
@@ -4,17 +4,32 @@ RSpec.describe Script, type: :model do
   include_context 'English locale'
 
   it 'selects locales by script code, not language code' do
-    expect(described_class.find('Latn').locales).to include(locale)
-    expect(described_class.find('Jpan').locales).to include(Locale.nipponese)
-    expect(described_class.find('Jpan').locales).not_to include(locale)
+    expect(described_class.find('Jpan').locales).to contain_exactly(Locale.nipponese)
   end
 
   it 'accepts supported script codes and rejects unsupported ones' do
-    expect(described_class.new(code: 'Latn', name: 'Latin')).to be_valid
+    expect(described_class.find('Jpan')).to be_valid
+    expect(described_class.where(deprecated_at: nil).pluck(:code)).to eq(['Jpan'])
     expect {
       described_class.create!(code: 'Zzzz', name: 'Unsupported')
     }.to raise_error { |error|
       expect(error).to be_a(ArgumentError).or be_a(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid)
     }
   end
+
+  it 'does not register Latin as a currently supported script' do
+    expect {
+      described_class.create!(code: 'Latn', name: 'Latin')
+    }.to raise_error { |error|
+      expect(error).to be_a(ArgumentError).or be_a(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid)
+    }
+  end
+
+  it 'selects Latin locales when multilingual support is enabled' do
+    pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+    locale
+
+    expect(described_class.find('Latn').locales).to contain_exactly(locale)
+    expect(described_class.find('Jpan').locales).not_to include(locale)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/backend/spec/models/tag_name_sanitisation_rule_spec.rb b/backend/spec/models/tag_name_sanitisation_rule_spec.rb
index 0790421..9cebc51 100644
--- a/backend/spec/models/tag_name_sanitisation_rule_spec.rb
+++ b/backend/spec/models/tag_name_sanitisation_rule_spec.rb
@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@ RSpec.describe TagNameSanitisationRule, type: :model do
       include_context 'English locale'
 
       it 'keeps both names when sanitisation produces a cross-language match' do
+        pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+        locale
         nipponese = create(:tag_name, name: 'foobar')
         english = create(:tag_name, name: 'temporary',
                                    language_code: 'en', script_code: 'Latn')
@@ -50,6 +52,8 @@ RSpec.describe TagNameSanitisationRule, type: :model do
       end
 
       it 'renames without merging tags or deleting either language identity' do
+        pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+        locale
         nipponese = create(:tag, primary_name: 'foobar')
         english_name = create(:tag_name, name: 'temporary',
                                         language_code: 'en', script_code: 'Latn')
diff --git a/backend/spec/models/tag_name_spec.rb b/backend/spec/models/tag_name_spec.rb
index 8d01412..8239d65 100644
--- a/backend/spec/models/tag_name_spec.rb
+++ b/backend/spec/models/tag_name_spec.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ RSpec.describe TagName, type: :model do
   include_context 'English locale'
 
   it 'allows the same name in different languages' do
+    pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+    locale
     create(:tag_name, name: 'shared_name')
     english = build(:tag_name, name: 'shared_name',
                               language_code: 'en', script_code: 'Latn')
@@ -24,7 +26,15 @@ RSpec.describe TagName, type: :model do
     name = create(:tag_name)
 
     expect(name.reload).to have_attributes(
-        language_code: 'ja', script_code: 'Jpan', primary_flg: true, tag_id: nil)
+        language_code: 'ja', script_code: 'Jpan', primary_flg: true,
+        auto_generated: false, tag_id: nil)
+  end
+
+  it 'defaults ordinary persisted human names to confirmed provenance' do
+    name = described_class.create!(name: 'ordinary_human_name', language_code: 'ja',
+                                   script_code: 'Jpan', primary_flg: true)
+
+    expect(name.reload.auto_generated).to be(false)
   end
 
   it 'persists both sides of the representative tag factory association' do
@@ -39,7 +49,7 @@ RSpec.describe TagName, type: :model do
     expect(tag.reload.tag_name_id).to eq(name.id)
   end
 
-  it 'creates a complete ordinary tag factory under every active language' do
+  it 'creates a complete ordinary tag factory under the active Nipponese language' do
     tag = create(:tag, primary_name: 'factory_multilingual')
 
     Locale.where(deprecated_at: nil).distinct.pluck(:language_code).each do |language_code|
@@ -47,6 +57,13 @@ RSpec.describe TagName, type: :model do
     end
     expect(TagName.where(tag:, language_code: 'ja', primary_flg: true))
         .to contain_exactly(have_attributes(auto_generated: false))
+  end
+
+  it 'completes an ordinary tag factory under future active languages' do
+    pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+    locale
+    tag = create(:tag, primary_name: 'future_factory')
+
     expect(TagName.where(tag:, language_code: 'en', primary_flg: true))
         .to contain_exactly(have_attributes(auto_generated: true))
   end
@@ -95,6 +112,8 @@ RSpec.describe TagName, type: :model do
     end
 
     it 'resolves the primary name of the alias language on the same tag' do
+      pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+      locale
       tag = create(:tag, primary_name: '日本語正本')
       english_primary = primary_tag_name_for(tag, 'en')
       english_primary.update!(name: 'english_primary', auto_generated: false)
@@ -113,6 +132,8 @@ RSpec.describe TagName, type: :model do
     end
 
     it 'resolves only aliases in the requested language' do
+      pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+      locale
       nipponese = create(:tag, primary_name: 'nipponese_canonical')
       english_name = create(:tag_name, name: 'english_canonical',
                                       language_code: 'en', script_code: 'Latn')
diff --git a/backend/spec/models/tag_spec.rb b/backend/spec/models/tag_spec.rb
index 7493d2a..1d08b42 100644
--- a/backend/spec/models/tag_spec.rb
+++ b/backend/spec/models/tag_spec.rb
@@ -25,17 +25,18 @@ RSpec.describe Tag, type: :model do
   end
 
   describe '.normalise_tags!' do
+    include_context 'English locale'
+
     it 'canonicalises aliases in the supplied language only' do
-      Language.find_or_create_by!(code: 'en') { _1.name = 'English' }
-      Script.find_or_create_by!(code: 'Latn') { _1.name = 'Latin' }
+      pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+      prepare_english_reference!
       nipponese = create(:tag, primary_name: 'nipponese_canonical')
       english_name = create(:tag_name, name: 'english_canonical',
                                       language_code: 'en', script_code: 'Latn')
       english = create(:tag, primary_tag_name: english_name)
       primary_tag_name_for(english, 'ja').update!(
           name: 'english_in_nipponese', auto_generated: false)
-      english_locale = Locale.create!(
-          code: 'en', language_code: 'en', script_code: 'Latn', name: 'English')
+      english_locale = locale
       nipponese_alias = create(:tag_name, :alias, name: 'shared_alias',
                                                   tag: nipponese)
       english_alias = create(:tag_name, :alias, name: 'shared_alias',
@@ -219,6 +220,8 @@ RSpec.describe Tag, type: :model do
       include_context 'English locale'
 
       it 'creates the representative name with locale attributes and ownership' do
+        pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+        locale
         tag = described_class.find_or_create_by_tag_name!(
             locale, 'english_name', category: :character)
 
@@ -229,6 +232,8 @@ RSpec.describe Tag, type: :model do
       end
 
       it 'uses the English primary as the source for a generated Nipponese name' do
+        pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+        locale
         allow(TagName).to receive(:generate_name).and_return('generated_nipponese')
 
         tag = described_class.find_or_create_by_tag_name!(
@@ -246,6 +251,8 @@ RSpec.describe Tag, type: :model do
       end
 
       it 'gives a new tag one primary name for every active language' do
+        pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+        locale
         tag = described_class.find_or_create_by_tag_name!(
             Locale.nipponese, 'new_multilingual_tag', category: :general)
 
@@ -254,10 +261,13 @@ RSpec.describe Tag, type: :model do
       end
 
       it 'creates one primary per language when multiple locales use English' do
+        pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+        locale
         described_class.find_or_create_by_tag_name!(
             locale, 'before_second_english_locale', category: :general)
         Locale.create!(code: 'en-x-rspec', language_code: 'en',
-                       script_code: 'Latn', name: 'English')
+                       script_code: 'Latn', region_code: 826,
+                       variants: 'x-rspec', name: 'English')
 
         tag = described_class.find_or_create_by_tag_name!(
             locale, 'one_english_primary', category: :general)
@@ -267,6 +277,8 @@ RSpec.describe Tag, type: :model do
       end
 
       it 'rolls back a new tag and requested name if name generation fails' do
+        pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+        locale
         original_tag_count = described_class.count
         allow(TagName).to receive(:generate_name).and_raise('generation failed')
 
@@ -282,6 +294,8 @@ RSpec.describe Tag, type: :model do
       end
 
       it 'keeps a detached requested name detached if generation fails' do
+        pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+        locale
         detached = create(:tag_name, :alias, name: 'atomic_detached',
                                            language_code: 'en', script_code: 'Latn')
         original_tag_count = described_class.count
@@ -297,6 +311,8 @@ RSpec.describe Tag, type: :model do
       end
 
       it 'promotes a detached alias into the requested primary name' do
+        pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+        locale
         detached = create(:tag_name, :alias, name: 'detached_english',
                                            language_code: 'en', script_code: 'Latn')
 
@@ -311,6 +327,8 @@ RSpec.describe Tag, type: :model do
       end
 
       it 'creates separate tag identities for the same name in different languages' do
+        pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+        locale
         nipponese = described_class.find_or_create_by_tag_name!(
             Locale.nipponese, 'same_name', category: :general)
         english = described_class.find_or_create_by_tag_name!(
@@ -328,6 +346,8 @@ RSpec.describe Tag, type: :model do
       end
 
       it 'preserves the V1 representative when looking up another primary language' do
+        pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+        locale
         tag = create(:tag, primary_name: '日本語代表名')
         representative_id = tag.tag_name_id
         english = primary_tag_name_for(tag, 'en')
@@ -342,6 +362,8 @@ RSpec.describe Tag, type: :model do
       end
 
       it 'normalises names using the supplied locale' do
+        pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+        locale
         tags = described_class.normalise_tags!(
             locale, ['character:normalised_english'],
             with_tagme: false, with_no_deerjikist: false)
@@ -363,6 +385,21 @@ RSpec.describe Tag, type: :model do
 
       expect(primary_tag_name_for(tag, 'ja').name).to eq('lookup_new')
       expect(tag.category).to eq('character')
+      expect(TagName.where(tag:, language_code: 'ja', primary_flg: true).count).to eq(1)
+      expect(primary_tag_name_for(tag, 'ja').auto_generated).to be(false)
+    end
+
+    it 'promotes a detached Nipponese alias into a human-confirmed primary' do
+      detached = create(:tag_name, :alias, name: 'detached_nipponese')
+
+      tag = described_class.find_or_create_by_tag_name!(
+          Locale.nipponese, detached.name, category: :general)
+
+      expect(detached.reload).to have_attributes(
+          tag_id: tag.id, primary_flg: true, canonical_id: nil,
+          auto_generated: false)
+      expect(TagName.where(tag:, language_code: 'ja', primary_flg: true))
+          .to contain_exactly(detached)
     end
 
     it 'reuses the owning tag for an alias without changing its category' do
@@ -417,6 +454,8 @@ RSpec.describe Tag, type: :model do
       include_context 'English locale'
 
       it 'keeps the target primary and moves source names as aliases' do
+        pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+        locale
         english_primary = primary_tag_name_for(target_tag, 'en')
         source_primary = primary_tag_name_for(source_tag, 'en')
         source_alias = create(:tag_name, :alias, tag: source_tag,
@@ -497,18 +536,15 @@ RSpec.describe Tag, type: :model do
           .to eq([[1, 'create'], [2, 'discard']])
       expect(versions.first).to eq(original_version)
       expect(versions.last.created_by_user).to eq(user)
-      expect(versions.last.names).to include(
-          hash_including('language_code' => 'ja', 'name' => source_name,
-                         'primary_flg' => true, 'auto_generated' => false),
-          hash_including('language_code' => 'ja', 'name' => source_alias.name,
-                         'primary_flg' => false, 'auto_generated' => false))
+      expect(versions.last.names.fetch('ja')).to eq(
+          'name' => source_name, 'script_code' => 'Jpan',
+          'auto_generated' => false,
+          'aliases' => [{ 'name' => source_alias.name, 'script_code' => 'Jpan' }])
       expect(Tag.unscoped.exists?(source_tag.id)).to be(false)
 
       target_versions = target_tag.tag_versions.order(:version_no)
       expect(target_versions.pluck(:event_type)).to eq(['create', 'update'])
-      target_aliases = target_versions.last.names.filter_map { |name|
-        name['name'] if name['language_code'] == 'ja' && !name['primary_flg']
-      }
+      target_aliases = target_versions.last.names.fetch('ja').fetch('aliases').pluck('name')
       expect(target_aliases).to contain_exactly('merge_alias', source_name)
     end
 
diff --git a/backend/spec/models/version_record_spec.rb b/backend/spec/models/version_record_spec.rb
index b5cfffc..561c19b 100644
--- a/backend/spec/models/version_record_spec.rb
+++ b/backend/spec/models/version_record_spec.rb
@@ -12,12 +12,11 @@ RSpec.describe VersionRecord, type: :model do
       name: primary_tag_name_for(tag, 'ja').name,
       category: tag.category,
       aliases: '',
-      names: [{ language_code: 'ja', name: primary_tag_name_for(tag, 'ja').name,
-                script_code: 'Jpan', primary_flg: true }],
+      names: { ja: { name: primary_tag_name_for(tag, 'ja').name,
+                     script_code: 'Jpan', auto_generated: false, aliases: [] } },
       parent_tag_ids: '',
       created_at: Time.current,
-      created_by_user: nil
-    )
+      created_by_user: nil)
 
     expect {
       version.update!(name: 'changed')
@@ -32,12 +31,11 @@ RSpec.describe VersionRecord, type: :model do
       name: primary_tag_name_for(tag, 'ja').name,
       category: tag.category,
       aliases: '',
-      names: [{ language_code: 'ja', name: primary_tag_name_for(tag, 'ja').name,
-                script_code: 'Jpan', primary_flg: true }],
+      names: { ja: { name: primary_tag_name_for(tag, 'ja').name,
+                     script_code: 'Jpan', auto_generated: false, aliases: [] } },
       parent_tag_ids: '',
       created_at: Time.current,
-      created_by_user: nil
-    )
+      created_by_user: nil)
 
     expect {
       version.destroy!
diff --git a/backend/spec/requests/locale_write_paths_spec.rb b/backend/spec/requests/locale_write_paths_spec.rb
index b5eb012..48f2ed1 100644
--- a/backend/spec/requests/locale_write_paths_spec.rb
+++ b/backend/spec/requests/locale_write_paths_spec.rb
@@ -17,12 +17,51 @@ RSpec.describe 'Locale propagation on write paths', type: :request do
     tag_name.tag
   end
 
+  it 'confirms a generated Nipponese primary when a human renames it' do
+    tag = create(:tag, primary_name: 'generated_source')
+    primary = primary_tag_name_for(tag, 'ja')
+    primary.update!(name: "Tag_##{ tag.id }", auto_generated: true)
+
+    patch "/tags/#{ tag.id }", params: { locale: 'ja', name: '人間が確定した名称' }
+
+    expect(response).to have_http_status(:ok), response.body
+    expect(primary.reload).to have_attributes(
+        name: '人間が確定した名称', auto_generated: false)
+  end
+
+  it 'rolls back Nipponese edits when an alias conflicts with another primary' do
+    tag = create(:tag, primary_name: 'target_before_collision')
+    create(:tag_name, :alias, tag:, name: 'existing_alias')
+    other_tag = create(:tag, primary_name: 'other_primary')
+    other_primary = primary_tag_name_for(other_tag, 'ja')
+    primary_name_before = primary_tag_name_for(tag, 'ja').name
+    aliases_before = tag.tag_names.where(primary_flg: false).order(:name).pluck(:name)
+    category_before = tag.category
+
+    put "/tags/#{ tag.id }", params: {
+        locale: 'ja', name: 'renamed_before_collision', category: 'character',
+        deprecated: false, aliases: 'other_primary', parent_tags: '' }
+
+    aggregate_failures do
+      expect(response).to have_http_status(:unprocessable_entity)
+      expect(other_primary.reload).to have_attributes(tag_id: other_tag.id, primary_flg: true)
+      expect(TagName.where(tag: other_tag, language_code: 'ja', primary_flg: true))
+          .to contain_exactly(other_primary)
+      expect(primary_tag_name_for(tag.reload, 'ja').name).to eq(primary_name_before)
+      expect(tag.category).to eq(category_before)
+      expect(tag.tag_names.where(primary_flg: false).order(:name).pluck(:name))
+          .to eq(aliases_before)
+    end
+  end
+
   ['en', nil].each do |requested_locale|
     context "with locale #{ requested_locale.inspect }" do
       let(:locale_params) { requested_locale ? { locale: requested_locale } : { } }
       let(:expected_locale) { requested_locale ? locale : Locale.nipponese }
 
       it 'creates post tags in the requested language or Nipponese fallback' do
+        pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する' if requested_locale
+        locale if requested_locale
         post '/posts', params: locale_params.merge(
             title: 'Locale post', url: 'https://example.com/locale-post',
             tags: 'locale_post_tag', parent_post_ids: '')
@@ -33,6 +72,8 @@ RSpec.describe 'Locale propagation on write paths', type: :request do
       end
 
       it 'updates post tags in the requested language or Nipponese fallback' do
+        pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する' if requested_locale
+        locale if requested_locale
         record = create(:post)
         PostVersionRecorder.record!(post: record, event_type: :create, created_by_user: member)
 
@@ -46,6 +87,8 @@ RSpec.describe 'Locale propagation on write paths', type: :request do
       end
 
       it 'passes the resolved locale to bulk creation' do
+        pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する' if requested_locale
+        locale if requested_locale
         # Worker propagation is exercised in post_bulk_creator_spec.
         expect_any_instance_of(PostBulkCreator).to receive(:run)
             .with(expected_locale).and_return(results: [])
@@ -59,6 +102,8 @@ RSpec.describe 'Locale propagation on write paths', type: :request do
       end
 
       it 'creates materials with tags in the resolved locale' do
+        pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する' if requested_locale
+        locale if requested_locale
         post '/materials', params: locale_params.merge(
             tag: 'locale_material', url: 'https://example.com/material')
 
@@ -68,6 +113,8 @@ RSpec.describe 'Locale propagation on write paths', type: :request do
       end
 
       it 'updates materials with tags in the resolved locale' do
+        pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する' if requested_locale
+        locale if requested_locale
         tag = create(:tag, category: :material)
         material = Material.create!(tag:, url: 'https://example.com/material')
 
@@ -80,6 +127,8 @@ RSpec.describe 'Locale propagation on write paths', type: :request do
       end
 
       it 'links Nico external tags to internal tags in the resolved locale' do
+        pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する' if requested_locale
+        locale if requested_locale
         external = create(:external_tag)
         NicoTagVersionRecorder.record!(
             external_tag: external, event_type: :create, created_by_user: member)
@@ -92,6 +141,8 @@ RSpec.describe 'Locale propagation on write paths', type: :request do
       end
 
       it 'creates parent tags in the resolved locale' do
+        pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する' if requested_locale
+        locale if requested_locale
         tag = create(:tag)
 
         put "/tags/#{ tag.id }", params: locale_params.merge(
@@ -106,11 +157,11 @@ RSpec.describe 'Locale propagation on write paths', type: :request do
   end
 
   context 'with existing names in both languages' do
-    let!(:english_name) do
+    let(:english_name) do
       create(:tag_name, name: 'shared_name', language_code: 'en', script_code: 'Latn')
     end
-    let!(:english_tag) { create(:tag, primary_tag_name: english_name, category: :material) }
-    let!(:nipponese_tag) do
+    let(:english_tag) { create(:tag, primary_tag_name: english_name, category: :material) }
+    let(:nipponese_tag) do
       create(:tag, primary_name: 'temporary_nipponese', category: :general).tap do |tag|
         # Isolate lookup from the separately tested uniqueness validation.
         primary_tag_name_for(tag, 'ja').update_columns(name: 'shared_name')
@@ -118,6 +169,10 @@ RSpec.describe 'Locale propagation on write paths', type: :request do
     end
 
     it 'plans and creates the post using the English identity and category' do
+      pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+      locale
+      english_tag
+      nipponese_tag
       post '/posts', params: {
           locale: 'en', title: 'English identity',
           url: 'https://example.com/english-identity', tags: 'shared_name', parent_post_ids: '' }
@@ -131,6 +186,10 @@ RSpec.describe 'Locale propagation on write paths', type: :request do
     end
 
     it 'updates the post using the English identity' do
+      pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+      locale
+      english_tag
+      nipponese_tag
       record = create(:post)
       PostVersionRecorder.record!(post: record, event_type: :create, created_by_user: member)
 
@@ -144,6 +203,10 @@ RSpec.describe 'Locale propagation on write paths', type: :request do
     end
 
     it 'resolves the English material tag' do
+      pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+      locale
+      english_tag
+      nipponese_tag
       post '/materials', params: {
           locale: 'en', tag: 'shared_name', url: 'https://example.com/english-material' }
 
@@ -153,6 +216,10 @@ RSpec.describe 'Locale propagation on write paths', type: :request do
     end
 
     it 'resolves the English parent tag' do
+      pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+      locale
+      english_tag
+      nipponese_tag
       child = create(:tag)
 
       put "/tags/#{ child.id }", params: {
@@ -165,6 +232,10 @@ RSpec.describe 'Locale propagation on write paths', type: :request do
     end
 
     it 'resolves the English internal tag for a Nico link' do
+      pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+      locale
+      english_tag
+      nipponese_tag
       external = create(:external_tag)
       NicoTagVersionRecorder.record!(
           external_tag: external, event_type: :create, created_by_user: member)
@@ -177,12 +248,14 @@ RSpec.describe 'Locale propagation on write paths', type: :request do
   end
 
   context 'when renaming or updating aliases in English' do
-    let!(:english_name) do
+    let(:english_name) do
       create(:tag_name, name: 'english_original', language_code: 'en', script_code: 'Latn')
     end
-    let!(:tag) { create(:tag, primary_tag_name: english_name) }
+    let(:tag) { create(:tag, primary_tag_name: english_name) }
 
     it 'marks a human-renamed generated primary as no longer auto-generated' do
+      pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+      locale
       generated_tag = create(:tag, primary_name: 'rename_generated_source')
       generated_name = primary_tag_name_for(generated_tag, 'en')
       expect(generated_name.auto_generated).to be(true)
@@ -196,6 +269,8 @@ RSpec.describe 'Locale propagation on write paths', type: :request do
     end
 
     it 'does not steal another tag primary for an alias' do
+      pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+      locale
       other_tag = create(:tag, primary_name: 'other_nipponese')
       other_primary = primary_tag_name_for(other_tag, 'en')
       other_primary.update!(name: 'other_english_primary', auto_generated: false)
@@ -228,6 +303,8 @@ RSpec.describe 'Locale propagation on write paths', type: :request do
     end
 
     it 'allows a rename to a name already used in Nipponese' do
+      pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+      locale
       nipponese = create(:tag, primary_name: 'rename_target')
 
       patch "/tags/#{ tag.id }", params: { locale: 'en', name: 'rename_target' }
@@ -240,6 +317,8 @@ RSpec.describe 'Locale propagation on write paths', type: :request do
     end
 
     it 'creates aliases in the requested language' do
+      pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+      locale
       put "/tags/#{ tag.id }", params: {
           locale: 'en', name: english_name.name,
           category: tag.category, deprecated: false,
@@ -255,6 +334,8 @@ RSpec.describe 'Locale propagation on write paths', type: :request do
     end
 
     it 'does not take an alias from another language' do
+      pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+      locale
       nipponese = create(:tag, primary_name: 'nipponese_owner')
       nipponese_alias = create(:tag_name, :alias, name: 'shared_alias',
                                                   tag: nipponese)
diff --git a/backend/spec/requests/tag_versions_spec.rb b/backend/spec/requests/tag_versions_spec.rb
index eebeca1..f105773 100644
--- a/backend/spec/requests/tag_versions_spec.rb
+++ b/backend/spec/requests/tag_versions_spec.rb
@@ -36,12 +36,10 @@ RSpec.describe 'TagVersions API', type: :request do
             category: category,
             deprecated_at: deprecated_at,
             aliases: Array(aliases).join(' '),
-            names: [{ language_code: 'ja', name:, script_code: 'Jpan',
-                      primary_flg: true,
-                      auto_generated: false }] + Array(aliases).map { |alias_name|
-              { language_code: 'ja', name: alias_name, script_code: 'Jpan',
-                primary_flg: false, auto_generated: false }
-            },
+            names: { ja: { name:, script_code: 'Jpan', auto_generated: false,
+                           aliases: Array(aliases).sort.map { |alias_name|
+                             { name: alias_name, script_code: 'Jpan' }
+                           } } },
             parent_tag_ids: Array(parent_tags).map(&:id).join(' '),
             created_by_user: created_by_user,
             created_at: created_at)
diff --git a/backend/spec/requests/tags_spec.rb b/backend/spec/requests/tags_spec.rb
index be64b53..c8bfd54 100644
--- a/backend/spec/requests/tags_spec.rb
+++ b/backend/spec/requests/tags_spec.rb
@@ -19,15 +19,11 @@ RSpec.describe 'Tags API', type: :request do
   end
 
   def version_primary_name(version, language_code)
-    version.names.find { |name|
-      name['language_code'] == language_code && name['primary_flg']
-    }.fetch('name')
+    version.names.fetch(language_code).fetch('name')
   end
 
   def version_alias_names(version, language_code)
-    version.names.filter_map { |name|
-      name['name'] if name['language_code'] == language_code && !name['primary_flg']
-    }
+    version.names.fetch(language_code).fetch('aliases').pluck('name')
   end
 
   def dummy_material_upload(filename: 'dummy.png', type: 'image/png', body: 'dummy')
diff --git a/backend/spec/services/post_bulk_creator_spec.rb b/backend/spec/services/post_bulk_creator_spec.rb
index 9cd5d7b..d5167bb 100644
--- a/backend/spec/services/post_bulk_creator_spec.rb
+++ b/backend/spec/services/post_bulk_creator_spec.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ RSpec.describe PostBulkCreator do
   include_context 'English locale'
 
   it 'limits workers to two and keeps failures in their request slots' do
+    locale = Locale.nipponese
     actor = instance_double(User, id: 123)
     allow(User).to receive(:find).with(123) {
       instance_double(User, id: 123)
@@ -65,4 +66,26 @@ RSpec.describe PostBulkCreator do
     expect(results[2].dig(:post, :id)).to eq(3)
     expect(results[3].dig(:post, :id)).to eq(4)
   end
+
+  it 'passes a future English locale to preflight and creation in every worker' do
+    pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+    locale
+    actor = instance_double(User, id: 123)
+    allow(User).to receive(:find).with(123).and_return(actor)
+    preflight = instance_double(PostCreatePreflight)
+    creator = instance_double(PostCreator)
+    post = instance_double(Post, id: 1)
+    allow(PostCreatePreflight).to receive(:new).and_return(preflight)
+    allow(preflight).to receive(:run).with(locale).and_return(existing_post_id: nil)
+    allow(PostCreator).to receive(:new).and_return(creator)
+    allow(creator).to receive(:create!).with(locale).and_return(post)
+
+    results = described_class.new(
+        actor:, posts: [{ title: 'future post' }], thumbnails: { }).run(locale)
+
+    expect(results.fetch(:results)).to contain_exactly(
+        hash_including(status: 'created', post: { id: 1 }))
+    expect(preflight).to have_received(:run).with(locale).once
+    expect(creator).to have_received(:create!).with(locale).once
+  end
 end
diff --git a/backend/spec/services/post_create_plan_spec.rb b/backend/spec/services/post_create_plan_spec.rb
index c5521b3..7d190ab 100644
--- a/backend/spec/services/post_create_plan_spec.rb
+++ b/backend/spec/services/post_create_plan_spec.rb
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ RSpec.describe PostCreatePlan do
     include_context 'English locale'
 
     it 'resolves the matching language identity and its parents' do
+      pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+      locale
       english_name = create(:tag_name, name: 'shared_name',
                                       language_code: 'en', script_code: 'Latn')
       english = create(:tag, primary_tag_name: english_name, category: :character)
@@ -39,6 +41,8 @@ RSpec.describe PostCreatePlan do
     end
 
     it 'resolves aliases within the requested language' do
+      pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+      locale
       nipponese = create(:tag, primary_name: 'nipponese_canonical')
       english_name = create(:tag_name, name: 'english_canonical',
                                       language_code: 'en', script_code: 'Latn')
diff --git a/backend/spec/services/post_creator_spec.rb b/backend/spec/services/post_creator_spec.rb
index 2fa36cc..624577d 100644
--- a/backend/spec/services/post_creator_spec.rb
+++ b/backend/spec/services/post_creator_spec.rb
@@ -81,6 +81,8 @@ RSpec.describe PostCreator do
 
     [false, true].each do |planned|
       it "passes locale to tag creation with planned attributes: #{ planned }" do
+        pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+        locale
         attributes = {
             title: 'Locale propagation',
             url: 'https://example.com/locale-post',
diff --git a/backend/spec/services/tag_version_recorder_spec.rb b/backend/spec/services/tag_version_recorder_spec.rb
index 9e62183..e403ef6 100644
--- a/backend/spec/services/tag_version_recorder_spec.rb
+++ b/backend/spec/services/tag_version_recorder_spec.rb
@@ -1,45 +1,96 @@
 require 'rails_helper'
 
 RSpec.describe TagVersionRecorder do
-  let(:user) { create_member_user! }
-  let!(:tag) { create(:tag, primary_name: '日本語名') }
   include_context 'English locale'
 
+  let(:user) { create_member_user! }
+  let!(:tag) { create(:tag, primary_name: '日本語名') }
+
   before do
-    create(:tag_name, :alias, tag:, name: '別名')
+    create(:tag_name, :alias, tag:, name: 'alias_z')
+    create(:tag_name, :alias, tag:, name: 'alias_a')
+  end
+
+  def nipponese_snapshot
+    { 'name' => '日本語名', 'script_code' => 'Jpan', 'auto_generated' => false,
+      'aliases' => [{ 'name' => 'alias_a', 'script_code' => 'Jpan' },
+                    { 'name' => 'alias_z', 'script_code' => 'Jpan' }] }
+  end
+
+  def prepare_english_names!
+    locale
     primary_tag_name_for(tag, 'en').update!(name: 'English name', auto_generated: false)
     create(:tag_name, :alias, tag:, language_code: 'en', script_code: 'Latn',
                               name: 'English alias')
   end
 
-  it 'snapshots every language primary name and alias deterministically' do
+  it 'snapshots the Nipponese primary and sorted aliases in grouped names' do
     version = described_class.record!(tag:, event_type: :create, created_by_user: user)
 
-    expect(version.names).to eq([
-      { 'language_code' => 'en', 'name' => 'English name', 'script_code' => 'Latn',
-        'primary_flg' => true, 'auto_generated' => false },
-      { 'language_code' => 'en', 'name' => 'English alias', 'script_code' => 'Latn',
-        'primary_flg' => false, 'auto_generated' => false },
-      { 'language_code' => 'ja', 'name' => '日本語名', 'script_code' => 'Jpan',
-        'primary_flg' => true, 'auto_generated' => false },
-      { 'language_code' => 'ja', 'name' => '別名', 'script_code' => 'Jpan',
-        'primary_flg' => false, 'auto_generated' => false }
-    ])
+    expect(version.reload.names).to eq('ja' => nipponese_snapshot)
   end
 
-  it 'creates a version for an English-only name change and preserves prior names' do
+  it 'does not create a version for an unchanged Nipponese snapshot' do
     original = described_class.record!(tag:, event_type: :create, created_by_user: user)
-    TagName.find_by!(tag:, language_code: 'en', primary_flg: true).update!(name: 'Renamed')
+
+    unchanged = described_class.record!(tag:, event_type: :update, created_by_user: user)
+
+    expect(unchanged.version_no).to eq(original.version_no)
+    expect(tag.reload.tag_versions.count).to eq(1)
+  end
+
+  it 'snapshots an unconfirmed system primary with auto_generated true' do
+    primary_tag_name_for(tag, 'ja').update!(auto_generated: true)
+
+    version = described_class.record!(tag:, event_type: :create, created_by_user: user)
+
+    expect(version.names.fetch('ja')).to eq(nipponese_snapshot.merge('auto_generated' => true))
+  end
+
+  it 'keeps a past snapshot after current primary and alias changes' do
+    original = described_class.record!(tag:, event_type: :create, created_by_user: user)
+    primary_tag_name_for(tag, 'ja').update!(name: '改名後')
+    tag.tag_names.find_by!(name: 'alias_z').destroy!
+
+    updated = described_class.record!(tag:, event_type: :update, created_by_user: user)
+
+    expect(original.reload.names).to eq('ja' => nipponese_snapshot)
+    expect(updated.names.fetch('ja')).to include('name' => '改名後')
+    expect(updated.names.fetch('ja').fetch('aliases'))
+        .to eq([{ 'name' => 'alias_a', 'script_code' => 'Jpan' }])
+    expect(updated.version_no).to eq(2)
+  end
+
+  it 'snapshots future languages together without a request locale argument' do
+    pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+    prepare_english_names!
+
+    version = described_class.record!(tag:, event_type: :create, created_by_user: user)
+
+    expect(version.names).to eq(
+        'ja' => nipponese_snapshot,
+        'en' => { 'name' => 'English name', 'script_code' => 'Latn',
+                  'auto_generated' => false,
+                  'aliases' => [{ 'name' => 'English alias', 'script_code' => 'Latn' }] })
+  end
+
+  it 'creates a version for an English-only change and preserves prior names' do
+    pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+    prepare_english_names!
+    original = described_class.record!(tag:, event_type: :create, created_by_user: user)
+    primary_tag_name_for(tag, 'en').update!(name: 'Renamed')
 
     updated = described_class.record!(tag:, event_type: :update, created_by_user: user)
 
     expect(updated.version_no).to eq(2)
-    expect(original.reload.names).to include(
-      hash_including('language_code' => 'en', 'name' => 'English name'))
-    expect(updated.names).to include(hash_including('language_code' => 'en', 'name' => 'Renamed'))
+    expect(original.reload.names.fetch('en')).to include('name' => 'English name')
+    expect(updated.names.fetch('en')).to include('name' => 'Renamed')
+    expect(updated.names.fetch('ja')).to eq(nipponese_snapshot)
   end
 
   it 'does not create a version for an unchanged multilingual snapshot' do
+    pending '日本語以外の Locale 有効化は別課題で実装する'
+    prepare_english_names!
     described_class.record!(tag:, event_type: :create, created_by_user: user)
 
     unchanged = described_class.record!(tag:, event_type: :update, created_by_user: user)
diff --git a/backend/spec/support/locale_context.rb b/backend/spec/support/locale_context.rb
index 92ef3db..3241f11 100644
--- a/backend/spec/support/locale_context.rb
+++ b/backend/spec/support/locale_context.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,21 @@
 RSpec.shared_context 'English locale' do
-  let!(:locale) do
+  def prepare_english_reference!
     Language.find_or_create_by!(code: 'en') { _1.name = 'English' }
     Script.find_or_create_by!(code: 'Latn') { _1.name = 'Latin' }
+    region_class = Class.new(ApplicationRecord) { self.table_name = 'regions' }
+    region_class.find_or_create_by!(code: 826) do |record|
+      record.alpha_code = 'GB'
+      record.name = 'United Kingdom'
+    end
+  end
+
+  let(:locale) do
+    prepare_english_reference!
     Locale.find_or_create_by!(code: 'en') do |record|
       record.language_code = 'en'
       record.script_code = 'Latn'
+      record.region_code = 826
+      record.variants = ''
       record.name = 'English'
     end
   end